(1) Uhlolojikelele kanye Nezindlela Zokuthuthukiswa Kwemboni Yezisetshenziswa Zezokuthutha Ezithutha Kaloliwe IGlobal
①Ngokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe embonini yezokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke, imakethe yezimpahla zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke ikhombise ukukhula okuqinile.
Emphakathini wanamuhla, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo komnotho wezenhlalakahle, izinkinga ezifana nokushoda kwezinsiza kanye nokungcola okukhulu zigqamile, okuholela ekungeneni kwamandla okuthutha abagibeli nempahla, isiminyaminya sezimoto emgwaqeni, ukungcola nomsindo, kanye nokuba lula nokuphepha kwezithuthi zomphakathi. , ezinakwa ngokwandayo.Ngakho-ke, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele athathe ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zesitimela eziphephile, ezisebenzayo, eziluhlaza, nezihlakaniphile njengesiqondiso esihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwezokuhamba komphakathi esikhathini esizayo, futhi imodi yokuthuthukiswa nayo isishintshile kusukela kumodi yendabuko yaya ekuxhumekeni, okusimeme, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuthutha eziningi.Igagasi elisha lokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, elimelelwe amanethiwekhi olwazi, ukukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile, amandla amasha, nezinto ezintsha, liyavela emhlabeni wonke, futhi umkhakha wezinto zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke uzalanisa umjikelezo omusha woshintsho oluyindilinga.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe embonini yezokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke, imakethe yezinto zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke ikhombise ukukhula okuqinile.Umthamo wemakethe yomhlaba wonke ngo-2010 wawungama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-131, wafinyelela kuma-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-162 ngonyaka ka-2014.
I-Global Rail Transit Equipment Equipment Usayizi kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2018 (ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-100)
②I-Oligopolies yakheke emakethe yezimpahla zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke, nezindawo zokupaka zaseChina zikleliswe kuqala.
Embukisweni owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke we-Berlin Rail Transit (Innotrans2016), izinga lango-2015 lezinkampani zomhlaba wonke zemishini yokuhamba ngezitimela lalisekelwe emalini etholwayo yokuthengisa yezitimela nezimoto ezisanda kukhiqizwa yizinkampani zempahla yesitimela.I-CRRC ikleliswe endaweni yokuqala ngenzuzo yokuthengisa eyedlula ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-22, ngokungangabazeki ikleliswe kuqala embonini yezimpahla zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke, futhi imali yayo yokuthengisa ngo-2015 yayinkulu kuneyaseCanada Bombardier Imali engenayo yokuthengisa ehlanganisiwe ye-Alstom yaseFrance, ekleliswe endaweni yesithathu, kanye ne-Siemens evela. I-Germany, ekleliswe endaweni yesine, i-14. I-oligopoly eholwa yi-CRRC emakethe yezimpahla zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke isisunguliwe.Ngokombiko wonyaka wezi-2016 we-CRRC, i-CRRC izuze imali elinganiselwa ku-229.7 billion wamayuan ngowezi-2016, lapho okokusebenza kukaloliwe, ujantshi wasemadolobheni, nengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni ifinyelela cishe kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-134, okubalelwa ku-58.35%;Ngo-2016, bekunama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-262.6 wama-oda amasha (okuhlanganisa cishe amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.1 ezinkontilekeni zebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe, ukwanda konyaka ngonyaka ngama-40%), kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-188.1 esandleni ekupheleni kwenkathi.I-CRRC kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokuqinisa isikhundla sayo njengenombolo yokuqala emhlabeni emkhakheni wezinto zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke.
(2) Uhlolojikelele kanye Nemikhuba Yokuthuthukisa Yemboni Yezisetshenziswa Zezokuthutha Ezithutha Kaloliwe yaseChina
①Imboni yokukhiqiza izinto zokuthutha umphakathi isiphenduke enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokuncintisana emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imishini yaseShayina esezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ingamandla abalulekile okuqhuba ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimboni ezisafufusa zaseChina.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 yentuthuko, imboni yokukhiqiza imishini yesitimela yaseShayina isisungule ucwaningo nentuthuko ezimele, izinsiza eziphelele ezisekelayo, imishini ethuthukisiwe, kanye nokusebenza ngezinga elikhulu kohlelo lokukhiqiza imishini yesitimela ehlanganisa ucwaningo nentuthuko, ukuklama, ukukhiqiza. , ukuhlolwa, kanye nesevisi.Kuhlanganisa izitimela zikagesi, izitimela zikadizili, amayunithi amaningi, izimoto zabagibeli bezitimela, izimoto zesitimela ezithwala impahla, izimoto zikaloliwe zasemadolobheni, izingxenye ezibalulekile zezitimela nezimoto, imishini yesignali, imishini yokuphakela amandla okudonsa Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ngokuthuthukiswa kwesivinini esikhulu, Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezisindayo, ezikahle, futhi ezinobungani bemvelo, amayunithi amaningi anesivinini esiphezulu nezitimela ezinamandla amakhulu azuze impumelelo emangalisayo ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza eziyi-10 zobungcweti ezifana nemishini yobunjiniyela bethrekhi nemishini.Imboni yokukhiqiza izinto zokuhamba zikaloliwe yaseChina imele ukuqanjwa okusha okuqhutshwayo, uguquko olukhaliphile, isisekelo esiqinisiwe, kanye nentuthuko eluhlaza.Ingenye yezimboni enezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokusungula izinto ezizimele, ukuncintisana okuqinile kokusungulwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nomthelela osobala kakhulu wokushayela izimboni emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imishini esezingeni eliphezulu eChina.Sekuyinzuzo eyinhloko yokuncintisana yenkambu yokukhiqiza imishini yaseChina esezingeni eliphezulu emakethe yezimpahla zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela emhlabeni wonke, Kungumfutho obalulekile wokuthuthukisa ngokushesha izimboni ezisafufusa eChina.
②Imithelela ekabili yokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nesidingo sezimakethe kukhuthaza ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezimpahla zokuthutha ezihamba ngezitimela yaseChina, enendawo enkulu yemakethe.
Impahla yezokuthutha zikaloliwe ingummeleli obalulekile wemishini yaseChina esezingeni eliphezulu ehamba emhlabeni jikelele.I-“Made in China 2025” eyakhishwa uMkhandlu Wombuso ngo-2015 iphakamisa ngokusobala ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi amakhulu amahlanu, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sikazwelonke sokusungula izinto ezintsha, ukukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile, ukuqinisa isisekelo sezimboni, ukukhiqizwa okuluhlaza, kanye nokusungulwa kwemishini esezingeni eliphezulu, ngokusebenzisa isiqondiso sikahulumeni kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza, ukuze kuzuzwe impumelelo evamile evamile yezobuchwepheshe evimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana okuphelele kwemboni yokukhiqiza yaseShayina.I-"Made in China 2025 Key Fields Technology Roadmap" (ebizwa ngokuthi "Imephu Yomgwaqo Yobuchwepheshe") ibeka izimfuneko eziqondiwe zempahla yezokuthutha zikaloliwe.Ngo-2020, amakhono okucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kanye nemikhiqizo ehamba phambili yezinto zokuthutha umphakathi izofinyelela emazingeni athuthukile emhlabeni jikelele, ngokuthengiswa kwemboni okungaphezu kwama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-650, amabhizinisi aphesheya abalwa ngaphezu kuka-30%, kanye nemboni yesevisi ibalwa ngaphezu kuka-15%.Imikhiqizo ebalulekile izongena ezimakethe zamazwe athuthukile eYurophu naseMelika;Ngo-2025, imboni yaseShayina ekhiqiza izinto zokuthutha umphakathi izobe isisungule uhlelo olusha oluphelele noluzinzile, olusebenzisa amamodeli okukhiqiza ahlakaniphile emikhakheni emikhulu.Imikhiqizo yayo eyinhloko izofinyelela emazingeni ahamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele, kanti ibhizinisi laphesheya lizobalelwa ku-40% kanye nemboni yezinsizakalo ezibalelwa ngaphezulu kwama-20%.Izohola ekubuyekezweni kwamazinga omhlaba, isungule uhlelo lwemboni yesimanje yezinto zokuhamba zikaloliwe ehamba phambili emhlabeni wonke, futhi ibe seqophelweni eliphezulu lochungechunge lwezimboni zomhlaba wonke.Iqondiswa izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke ezivumayo futhi iqhutshwa isidingo esinamandla semakethe, imboni yokukhiqiza izinto zokuthutha umphakathi yaseChina ingena enkathini yokukhula ngokushesha.Ngo-2020, isidingo semakethe senani eliphumayo lokuthengisa lemboni yezinto zokuthutha umphakathi ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-650 kunikeza amathemba abanzi entuthuko eqhubekayo nesheshayo yomkhakha wezinto zokuthutha umphakathi.Ngo-2020, imali yokuthengisa yesitoko sikaloliwe saseShayina kanye nomkhakha wokukhiqiza amayunithi amaningi yadlula ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-350, futhi isidingo semakethe sochungechunge lwemishini yezokuthutha zikaloliwe silinganiselwa ukuthi silinganiselwa ku-trillion yuan.
Isibikezelo Sesikali Sokuthengisa se-China's Railway Rolling Stock kanye Nezimboni Eziningi Zokukhiqiza Amayunithi kusukela ngo-2015 kuya ku-2020 (amayuan ayizigidi eziyi-100)
③Njengemboni yensika ebalulekile emkhakheni wezinto zokuhamba zikaloliwe e-China, amayunithi amaningi wesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu kanye nemboni yempahla yezokuthutha zasemadolobheni izohambisana nokuqaliswa kwesu le-Belt and Road, iqhubekisele phambili intuthuko edidiyelwe yalo lonke uchungechunge lwezimboni, futhi uthuthukise ithonya lomhlaba.Njengoba sonke sazi, ujantshi wesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu usungomunye wamakhadi ezikhulu zaseShayina kanye nomholi obalulekile wezinto zokuthutha umphakathi embonini yokukhiqiza imishini yaseChina esezingeni eliphezulu.Njengoba uhulumeni waseShayina egqugquzela ngamandla ukuqaliswa kwesu le-Belt and Road, lesi sifunda sidlulela emazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi naseNingizimu, eNingizimu Asia, e-Asia Ephakathi, naseNtshonalanga ye-Asia, futhi sinabele eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Afrika, izidingo eziphuthumayo zokwakha ingqalasizinda kanye nokuxhumana.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isamba sabantu esigudle iBelt and Road singaba yizigidigidi ezi-4.4, sibalwa ku-63% yenani labantu emhlabeni wonke, kanti umthamo waso womnotho ulinganiselwa ku-21 trillion wamadola aseMelika, okubalelwa ku-29% wesamba somnotho emhlabeni wonke. .Njengesu lezwe laseShayina, i-Belt and Road inokubaluleka okufinyelele kude ekudluliseleni amandla e-China, ukuthuthukiswa kwesigaba sezezimboni samazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokusungula izwi leChina emhlabeni.Njengemboni yensika ebalulekile emkhakheni wezinto zokuhamba zikaloliwe e-China, amayunithi amaningi wesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu kanye nezinto zokuhamba zikaloliwe zasemadolobheni zizoba yingqalabutho ye-Belt and Road Initiative enezici zayo eziyingqayizivele zokuvikela imvelo eluhlaza kanye nokuhamba ngevolumu ephezulu. , eqhuba ukuthuthukiswa okudidiyelwe kwalo lonke uchungechunge lwezimboni lwensimbi ekhuphuka nomfula, izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda kaloliwe, ukwakhiwa kwemishini esekelayo, nezinsiza ezihlobene zemishini yezimoto ezimaphakathi nezansi nomfula, ukusebenza kwasemadolobheni, okokuthutha, abagibeli nezimpahla zokuthutha, Ukuthuthukisa ithonya lomhlaba jikelele Imboni yokukhiqiza izinto zokuthutha umphakathi waseChina.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-24-2023